This publication in the IEEE Transactions on Energy Market, Policy, and Regulation is on the topic of bid forwarding in sequential TSO-DSO coordinated flexibility markets. The paper proposes and studies three approaches to ensure that distributed flexibility participating in these markets can be safely cleared and activated, namely: a three-layer market scheme, bid prequalification, and bid aggregation. Some technical conditions under which grid safety can be guaranteed by these approaches are derived. Furthermore, the performances of these methods in terms of market efficiency, computational complexity, and grid safety are numerically compared. Finally, practical challenges for implementing these methods are also discussed.
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